Cytoskeloton Animal Cell

Description: Vitronectin is a secreted glycoprotein that is synthesized in the liver. It circulates primarily in monomeric form, but can undergo conformational change to a structure that forms disulfide-linked multimers. The multimeric vitronectin can efficiently bind to, and incorporate into, the extracellular matrix. Within the matrix, vitronectin can support cell adhesion through binding to various integrins and other proteoglycans. Additionally, recombinant vitronectin can function as a chemically-defined matrix component in human embryonic stem cell renewal media. Recombinant Human Vitronectin is a 459 amino acid, single-chain, monomeric protein, which migrates at an apparent molecular weight of 75 kDa by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. The calculated molecular weight of Recombinant Human Vitronectin is 52.2 kDa.

Description: LIF is a pleiotrophic factor produced by multiple cell types, including T cells, myelomonocytic lineages, fibroblasts, liver, heart and melanoma. LIF promotes long-term maintenance of embryonic stem cells by suppressing spontaneous differentiation. Other activities include the stimulation of acute phase protein synthesis by hepatocytes, stimulation of differentiation of cholinergic nerves, and suppression of adipogenesis by inhibiting the lipoprotein lipase in adipocytes. While human LIF is active on mouse cells and is widely used in the maintenance of murine ESC to prevent spontaneous differentiation, mouse LIF is not active on human cells due to its inability to bind to the human LIF receptor. Recombinant Murine LIF is a 19.9 kDa protein containing 180 amino acids residues, including three disulfide bonds.

Description: Noggin belongs to a group of diffusible proteins that bind to ligands of the TGF-β family, and regulate their activity by inhibiting their access to signaling receptors. Noggin was originally identified as a BMP-4 antagonist whose action was critical for proper formation of the head and other dorsal structures. Consequently, noggin has been shown to modulate the activities of other BMPs including BMP-2,-7,-13, and -14. Targeted deletion of noggin in mice results in prenatal death, and a recessive phenotype displaying a severely malformed skeletal system. Conversely, transgenic mice over-expressing noggin in mature osteoblasts display impaired osteoblastic differentiation, reduced bone formation, and severe osteoporosis. Recombinant Murine Noggin is a 46.4 kDa disulfide-linked homodimer consisting of two 206 amino acid polypeptide chains.

Description: LIF is a pleiotrophic factor produced by multiple cell types, including T cells, myelomonocytic lineages, fibroblasts, liver, heart and melanoma. LIF promotes long-term maintenance of embryonic stem cells by suppressing spontaneous differentiation. Other activities include the stimulation of acute phase protein synthesis by hepatocytes, stimulation of differentiation of cholinergic nerves, and suppression of adipogenesis by inhibiting the lipoprotein lipase in adipocytes. While human LIF is active on mouse cells and is widely used in the maintenance of murine ESC to prevent spontaneous differentiation, mouse LIF is not active on human cells due to its inability to bind to the human LIF receptor. Recombinant Human LIF is a 19.7 kDa protein containing 180 amino acid residues, including three disulfide bonds.

Description: Encoded by the ob (obese) gene, Leptin is an adipose-derived cytokine that suppresses appetite and increases thermogenesis. Leptin exerts its anorectic effect via signaling through a hypothalamic receptor termed OB-R. Leptin has been shown to reduce body weight, food consumption, and plasma glucose levels in various in vivo models. Recombinant Human Leptin is a 16.0 kDa protein containing 147 amino acid residues.

Description: BAFF, a member of the TNF family of ligands, is expressed in T cells, macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells. BAFF is involved in stimulation of B and T cell function, and is an important survival and maturation factor for peripheral B cells. BAFF signals through three different TNF receptors, TACI, BCMA and BAFF-R. The human BAFF gene codes for a 285 amino acid type II transmembrane protein containing a 46 amino acid cytoplasmic domain, a 21 amino acid transmembrane domain, and a 218 amino acid extracellular domain. Recombinant Human soluble BAFF is a 152 amino acid polypeptide (17.0 kDa), which contains the TNF-like portion of the extracellular domain of BAFF.

Description: EGF is a potent growth factor that stimulates the proliferation of various epidermal and epithelial cells. Additionally, EGF has been shown to inhibit gastric secretion, and to be involved in wound healing. EGF signals through a receptor known as c-erbB, which is a class I tyrosine kinase receptor. This receptor also binds with TGF-α and VGF (vaccinia virus growth factor). Recombinant Murine EGF is a 6.0 kDa globular protein containing 53 amino acid residues, including 3 intramolecular disulfide bonds.

Description: TPO is a lineage-specific growth factor produced in the liver, kidney and skeletal muscle. It stimulates the proliferation and maturation of megakaryocytes, and promotes increased circulating levels of platelets in vivo. TPO signals through the c-mpl receptor, and acts as an important regulator of circulating platelets. Human and murine TPO exhibit cross-species reactivity. Recombinant Murine TPO is a fully biologically active 174 amino acid polypeptide (18.7 kDa), which contains the erythropoietin-like domain of the full length TPO protein.

Description: SCF is a hematopoietic growth factor that exerts its activity by signaling through the c-Kit receptor. SCF and c-Kit are essential for the survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells committed to the melanocyte and germ cell lineages. Human SCF manifests low activity on murine cells, while murine and rat SCF are fully active on human cells. The human SCF gene encodes for a 273 amino acid transmembrane protein, which contains a 25 amino acid N-terminal signal sequence, a 189 amino acid extracellular domain, a 23 amino acid transmembrane domain, and a 36 amino acid cytoplasmic domain. The secreted soluble form of SCF is generated by proteolytic processing of the membrane anchored precursor. Recombinant Rat SCF is an 18.4 kDa polypeptide containing 165 amino acid residues, which corresponds to the sequence of the secreted soluble form of SCF.

Description: EGF is a potent growth factor that stimulates the proliferation of various epidermal and epithelial cells. Additionally, EGF has been shown to inhibit gastric secretion, and to be involved in wound healing. EGF signals through a receptor known as c-erbB, which is a class I tyrosine kinase receptor. This receptor also binds with TGF-α and VGF (vaccinia virus growth factor). Recombinant Rat EGF is a 6.2 kDa globular protein containing 54 amino acid residues, including 3 intramolecular disulfide bonds.

Description: GDNF is a disulfide-linked, homodimeric neurotrophic factor structurally related to Artemin, Neurturin and Persephin. These proteins belong to the cysteine-knot superfamily of growth factors that assume stable dimeric protein structures. GDNF signals through a multicomponent receptor system, composed of a RET and one of the four GFRα (α1-α4) receptors. GDNF specifically promotes dopamine uptake and survival, and morphological differentiation of midbrain neurons. Using a Parkinson’s disease mouse model, GDNF has been shown to improve conditions such as bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. The functional human GDNF ligand is a disulfide-linked homodimer consisting of two 15 kDa polypeptide chains called monomers. Each monomer contains seven conserved cysteine residues, including Cys-101, which is used for inter-chain disulfide bridging, and others that are involved in the intramolecular ring formation known as the cysteine-knot configuration. The calculated molecular weight of Recombinant Human GDNF is 30.4 kDa.

Description: CNTF is a potent neural factor that was originally characterized as a vital factor for the survival of chick ciliary neurons in vitro. CNTF is also important for the survival of other neural cell types, including primary sensory neurons, motor neurons, basal forebrain neurons and type 2 astrocytes. CNTF is highly conserved across species and exhibits cross-species bioactivity. Recombinant Human CNTF is synthesized as a 199 amino acid polypeptide (22.8 kDa) lacking a hydrophobic N-terminal signal for secretion.